Free Essays on Role Of Parents And Family In Children’s Drug Use

Over the past two decades, studies have shown that the influence of parents and family is a significant factor in children’s drug use. A large body of research findings shows that the family contributes both risk and protective factors to the lives of adolescents. It affects both vulnerability and resilience to drug abuse (NIDA Notes, May/June 1996). A series of studies confirm the role of parents and families in adolescents’ life choices, in which the objective was to identify risk and protective factors at the family, school, and individual levels as they relate to four domains of adolescent health and morbidity: emotional health, violence, substance use and sexuality (Resnick, 1997). Resnick studied over 12,000 adolescents, grades 7 through 12, and interviewed them one by one at home on varies problems mentioned above including substance use. The key finding is that being connected with their parents and families, sometimes with helps from school and peers, those tee ns are more successful in dealing with the existing or the potential substance abuse problems. He concludes that across all domains of risk, the role of parents and family in substance control is critical. Although the physical presence of a parent in the home at crucial time helps to reduce the risk of substance use, the more significant influencing factor is the parental connectedness. Other factors might include home settings and the frequent exposure to healthy environment. Homes that provide easy access to alcohol, tobacco, and other illegal substances increase the adolescents’ chances of being engaged in the activities which involved unhealthy substance using. This literature review explore several areas influencing adolescents’ substance use such as usage by parents, communication patterns of family patterns of family members, relationships to family member (attachment and connectedness), and the influences of family structure and the extended family. T... Free Essays on Role Of Parents And Family In Children’s Drug Use Free Essays on Role Of Parents And Family In Children’s Drug Use Over the past two decades, studies have shown that the influence of parents and family is a significant factor in children’s drug use. A large body of research findings shows that the family contributes both risk and protective factors to the lives of adolescents. It affects both vulnerability and resilience to drug abuse (NIDA Notes, May/June 1996). A series of studies confirm the role of parents and families in adolescents’ life choices, in which the objective was to identify risk and protective factors at the family, school, and individual levels as they relate to four domains of adolescent health and morbidity: emotional health, violence, substance use and sexuality (Resnick, 1997). Resnick studied over 12,000 adolescents, grades 7 through 12, and interviewed them one by one at home on varies problems mentioned above including substance use. The key finding is that being connected with their parents and families, sometimes with helps from school and peers, those tee ns are more successful in dealing with the existing or the potential substance abuse problems. He concludes that across all domains of risk, the role of parents and family in substance control is critical. Although the physical presence of a parent in the home at crucial time helps to reduce the risk of substance use, the more significant influencing factor is the parental connectedness. Other factors might include home settings and the frequent exposure to healthy environment. Homes that provide easy access to alcohol, tobacco, and other illegal substances increase the adolescents’ chances of being engaged in the activities which involved unhealthy substance using. This literature review explore several areas influencing adolescents’ substance use such as usage by parents, communication patterns of family patterns of family members, relationships to family member (attachment and connectedness), and the influences of family structure and the extended family. T...

Understanding The Bretton Woods System

Understanding The Bretton Woods System Nations attempted to revive the gold standard following World War I, but it collapsed entirely during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Some economists said adherence to the gold standard had prevented monetary authorities from expanding the money supply rapidly enough to revive economic activity. In any event, representatives of most of the worlds leading nations met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944 to create a new international monetary system. Because the United States at the time accounted for over half of the worlds manufacturing capacity and held most of the worlds gold, the leaders decided to tie world currencies to the dollar, which, in turn, they agreed should be convertible into gold at $35 per ounce.​ Under the Bretton Woods system, central banks of countries other than the United States were given the task of maintaining fixed exchange rates between their currencies and the dollar. They did this by intervening in foreign exchange markets. If a countrys currency was too high relative to the dollar, its central bank would sell its currency in exchange for dollars, driving down the value of its currency. Conversely, if the value of a countrys money was too low, the country would buy its own currency, thereby driving up the price. The United States Abandons the Bretton Woods System The Bretton Woods system lasted until 1971. By that time, inflation in the United States and a growing American trade deficit were undermining the value of the dollar. Americans urged Germany and Japan, both of which had favorable payments balances, to appreciate their currencies. But those nations were reluctant to take that step, since raising the value of their currencies would increase prices for their goods and hurt their exports. Finally, the United States abandoned the fixed value of the dollar and allowed it to float- that is, to fluctuate against other currencies. The dollar promptly fell. World leaders sought to revive the Bretton Woods system with the so-called Smithsonian Agreement in 1971, but the effort failed. By 1973, the United States and other nations agreed to allow exchange rates to float. Economists call the resulting system a managed float regime, meaning that even though exchange rates for most currencies float, central banks still intervene to prevent sharp changes. As in 1971, countries with large trade surpluses often sell their own currencies in an effort to prevent them from appreciating (and thereby hurting exports). By the same token, countries with large deficits often buy their own currencies in order to prevent depreciation, which raises domestic prices. But there are limits to what can be accomplished through intervention, especially for countries with large trade deficits. Eventually, a country that intervenes to support its currency may deplete its international reserves, making it unable to continue buttressing the currency and potentially leaving it unable to meet its international obligations. This article is adapted from the book Outline of the U.S. Economy by Conte and Carr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State.